{"text_format":"1","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":5,"sheets":["Instructions","Playing Field","Data Store","Students","Category Summary"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":0,"macros":1,"external_links":0,"defined_names":1,"comments":0,"pivot_tables":1},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

{"sheet":"Instructions","index":0,"n_rows":22,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":22,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Instructions"]
[]
["1. Choose \"Playing Field\" tab."]
[]
["2. Press one of the following commands:"]
[null,"CTRL + N","New student name"]
[null,"CTRL + A","All question information updated; display category only"]
[null,"CTRL + U","Unhide question (prompt)"]
[null,"CTRL + I","Info about the correct \"question\" (asked backward) to respond to the prompt"]
[null,"CTRL + H","Hide question info"]
[]
["3. Advanced commands (not needed in normal game play, but useful for debugging questions):"]
[null,"CTRL + K","Kick question index up by 1"]
[null,"CTRL + L","Lower question index by 1"]
[]
["4. To customize student names, go to the \"Students\" tab. Important: Insert or delete rows from"]
["     the middle of the list, which is an Excel named range called name_lookup. If you have 13"]
["     students, the numbers in column A should go from 1 through 13."]
[]
["5. To customize questions, modify columns A, B, D, E, and F in the \"Data Store\" tab."]
[]
["6. Stuck? Can't figure out how it works? Please contact Michael Hansen (mhansen@stalbansschool.org)."]

{"sheet":"Playing Field","index":1,"n_rows":9,"n_cols":6,"rows_kept":9,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[{"$f":"VLOOKUP(F2,name_lookup,2)","v":"Aardvark, Andy"},null,null,null,null,{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,COUNT(Students!$A:$A))","v":9}]
[null,null,null,null,null,1]
[{"$f":"VLOOKUP(F8,'Data Store'!A1:G618,3)","v":"GRAB BAG"}]
[]
[{"$f":"VLOOKUP(F8,'Data Store'!A1:G618,4)","v":"Likely explanation if an effect is present but the test fails to find a P-value low enough to reject the null hypothesis"}]
[{"$f":"VLOOKUP(F8,'Data Store'!A1:G618,7)","v":"What is low power?"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,COUNTA('Data Store'!A:A)-1)","v":330}]
[null,null,null,null,null,191]
[null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"F8+1","v":192}]

{"sheet":"Data Store","index":2,"n_rows":420,"n_cols":10,"rows_kept":420,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["QuestionID","Category","CategoryCaps","AnswerText","Question","Article","QuestionVerbose","Param1","Param2","Rand"]
[1,"\"Tails\" you lose",{"$f":"UPPER(B2)","v":"\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE"},"Area under the sampling distribution curve for values more extreme than the test statistic in either tail","2-tailed P-value","a",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F2&IF(LEN(F2)>0,\" \",\"\")&E2&\"?\"","v":"What is a 2-tailed P-value?"},null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.85687665101766775}]
[2,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Situation in which the observed difference is too large to be plausibly explained by chance alone if the null hypothesis were true","statistical significance",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F3&IF(LEN(F3)>0,\" \",\"\")&E3&\"?\"","v":"What is statistical significance?"},null,null,0.91153242910735688]
[3,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Model we use when comparing one mean against a benchmark, or the mean difference of matched pairs against 0","1-sample t",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F4&IF(LEN(F4)>0,\" \",\"\")&E4&\"?\"","v":"What is 1-sample t?"},null,null,0.51039085035537179]
[4,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","Hypothesis we can never prove, no matter how much evidence we gather","null hypothesis","the",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F5&IF(LEN(F5)>0,\" \",\"\")&E5&\"?\"","v":"What is the null hypothesis?"},null,null,0.16112062075807609]
[5,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","One decision we can make in a statistical test is to reject the null hypothesis; this is the other possible decision.","to fail to reject the null hypothesis",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F6&IF(LEN(F6)>0,\" \",\"\")&E6&\"?\"","v":"What is to fail to reject the null hypothesis?"},null,null,0.67138372225040455]
[6,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","The 3 test statistics that we care about in AP Statistics","t, z, and chi-square",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F7&IF(LEN(F7)>0,\" \",\"\")&E7&\"?\"","v":"What are t, z, and chi-square?"},null,null,0.83106745031455687]
[7,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","Greek letter denoting a threshold for statistical significance (as measured by P-value)","α (alpha)",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F8&IF(LEN(F8)>0,\" \",\"\")&E8&\"?\"","v":"What is α (alpha)?"},null,null,0.3295754933399333]
[8,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","It's the most popular value for alpha, even though Ronald Fisher basically pulled it out of his ___ .","0.05",null,"What is 0.05?",null,null,0.74200394187513452]
[9,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we use if the stem of the AP question indicates we are looking for evidence that the true mean is less than some benchmark","1-tailed 1-sample t test","a","What is a 1-tailed 1-sample t test?",null,null,0.25272144846000744]
[10,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we use if the stem of the AP question indicates we are looking for evidence that the true mean differs from some benchmark","2-tailed 1-sample t test","a","What is a 2-tailed 1-sample t test?",null,null,0.87768769958247395]
[11,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","Number between 0 and 1 (typically expressed as a percentage between 80% and 100%) indicating our degree of belief in the long-term reliability of the standard method for generating a C.I.","confidence level","a","What is a confidence level?",null,null,0.90403000897945596]
[12,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","A threshold value, typically denoted t* or z*, to indicate how many s.e. units we have to go out in the tail of the sampling distribution to achieve a desired P-value","critical value","a","What is a critical value?",null,null,0.97818760671857186]
[13,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE","Main difference between z and t curves","heavier tails in the t distributions",null,"What is heavier tails in the t distributions?",null,null,0.35486646307768299]
[14,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Conditional probability of obtaining a result as extreme as, or more extreme than, the test statistic seen, given that the null hypothesis is true","P-value","the","What is the P-value?",null,null,0.76789864078056069]
[15,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","What hypotheses must always refer to","unknown parameters",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F16&IF(LEN(F16)>0,\" \",\"\")&E16&\"?\"","v":"What are unknown parameters?"},null,null,0.55205452079232531]
[16,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Most common type of regression","linear least-squares",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F17&IF(LEN(F17)>0,\" \",\"\")&E17&\"?\"","v":"What is linear least-squares?"},null,null,0.37162841319442586]
[17,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","A number computed from data, such as s, xbar, or phat","statistic","a",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F18&IF(LEN(F18)>0,\" \",\"\")&E18&\"?\"","v":"What is a statistic?"},null,null,0.69518521521618293]
[18,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","A number that describes a population, such as sigma, mu, or the true slope (beta) of a linear relationship","parameter","a",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F19&IF(LEN(F19)>0,\" \",\"\")&E19&\"?\"","v":"What is a parameter?"},null,null,0.82592202512585366]
[19,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","Adjective that almost always describes parameters","\"unknown\"",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F20&IF(LEN(F20)>0,\" \",\"\")&E20&\"?\"","v":"What is \"unknown\"?"},null,null,8.7179846822723062E-2]
[20,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Alternate meaning that the word \"parameter\" has in fields other than statistics","adjustable constant","an",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F21&IF(LEN(F21)>0,\" \",\"\")&E21&\"?\"","v":"What is an adjustable constant?"},null,null,0.77847124449832017]
[21,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","The reason that we care about probability; the link between probability and inferential statistics","sampling distributions",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F22&IF(LEN(F22)>0,\" \",\"\")&E22&\"?\"","v":"What are sampling distributions?"},null,null,0.53710096238391525]
[22,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","LOLN","Law Of Large Numbers: xbar approaches mu (also acceptable: phat approaches p) as n grows large","the",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F23&IF(LEN(F23)>0,\" \",\"\")&E23&\"?\"","v":"What is the Law Of Large Numbers: xbar approaches mu (also acceptable: phat approaches p) as n grows large?"},null,null,0.88592685249240277]
[23,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","It's NOT bias, but this error invevitably occurs whenever a sample is used to make an inference about a population.","sampling error",null,"What is sampling error?",null,null,0.68736352815839519]
[24,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Estimate of the likely upper bound for the sampling error, or half the width of a C.I.","m.o.e.","the","What is the m.o.e.?",null,null,0.33833609093202965]
[25,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","One-sentence summary of our course","\"We use statistics to estimate parameters\"",null,"What is \"We use statistics to estimate parameters\"?",null,null,0.73300838280656833]
[26,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Disparaging term for data from a small sample, a convenience sample, or a person's own experience","\"anecdotal\"",null,"What is \"anecdotal\"?",null,null,7.508319849097711E-2]
[27,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Of \"population size,\" \"sample size,\" or \"both,\" this determines the m.o.e. of an estimate in virtually all real-world situations.","sample size","the","What is the sample size?",null,null,0.18627734050909783]
[28,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","The reason that sample size determines m.o.e.","square root of n in the denominator of the s.e.","the","What is the square root of n in the denominator of the s.e.?",null,null,0.23937059946566985]
[29,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","What statistical significance is not the same as (though many people act as if it is)","practical significance",null,"What is practical significance?",null,null,0.97782754587493437]
[30,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Of \"larger,\" \"smaller,\" or \"the same size,\" it's what n needs to be in Wyoming (population 600,000) to achieve the same accuracy as a poll in California (population 39.4 million).","\"the same size\"",null,"What is \"the same size\"?",null,null,9.6790517158566014E-2]
[31,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","The \"c\" word that correlation (or, more generally, association) does not prove","causation",null,"What is causation?",null,null,0.96072338755200237]
[32,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","The only way to prove causation","controlled experiment","a","What is a controlled experiment?",null,null,0.75180496978185907]
[33,"MPQ stars",{"$f":"UPPER(B34)","v":"MPQ STARS"},"Situation in which neither the experimental subjects nor the administrators interacting with them know which treatment is real and which is the placebo","double-blind experiment","a","What is a double-blind experiment?",null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.32998098221425065}]
[34,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","The two types of bias that double-blinding eliminates","placebo effect (for the subjects) and experimenter bias/conflict of interest (for the researchers)",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F35&IF(LEN(F35)>0,\" \",\"\")&E35&\"?\"","v":"What are placebo effect (for the subjects) and experimenter bias/conflict of interest (for the researchers)?"},null,null,0.2288601505736324]
[35,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Several ways in which people lie with statistics","misleading graphs, biased samples, P-hacking, cherry-picking, Simpson's Paradox, and many others",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F36&IF(LEN(F36)>0,\" \",\"\")&E36&\"?\"","v":"What are misleading graphs, biased samples, P-hacking, cherry-picking, Simpson's Paradox, and many others?"},null,null,0.99913685130095742]
[36,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Several questions we should always ask when encountering a statistic for the first time","\"Who says so?\" \"How do they know?\" \"Is something missing?\" \"Did someone change the subject?\" \"Does it have face validity?\"",null,{"$f":"E37","v":"\"Who says so?\" \"How do they know?\" \"Is something missing?\" \"Did someone change the subject?\" \"Does it have face validity?\""},null,null,0.43137555749899603]
[37,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS",{"$f":"H38&\":\"&(I38-H38)&\" in favor, or \"&(I38-H38)&\":\"&H38&\" against\"","v":"5:11 in favor, or 11:5 against"},{"$f":"\"odds for an event whose probability is \"&H38&\"/\"&I38","v":"odds for an event whose probability is 5/16"},"the",{"$f":"\"What are \"&F38&IF(LEN(F38)>0,\" \",\"\")&E38&\"?\"","v":"What are the odds for an event whose probability is 5/16?"},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(4,28)","v":5},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(H38,H38+15)","v":16},0.57410035564709527]
[38,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","All else being equal, a wider confidence interval has this, compared to a narrower confidence interval.","higher confidence level","a",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F39&IF(LEN(F39)>0,\" \",\"\")&E39&\"?\"","v":"What is a higher confidence level?"},null,null,0.99509282808229527]
[39,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","Critical value (t* or z*) multiplied by standard error","m.o.e.","the","What is the m.o.e.?",null,null,0.76344083085703462]
[40,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","Formula for m.o.e.","critical value (t* or z*) multiplied by standard error","the","What is the critical value (t* or z*) multiplied by standard error?",null,null,0.57423923592164905]
[41,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of \"&H42&\" plus or minus \"&I42&\", converted to interval format\"","v":"C.I. of 35 plus or minus 10, converted to interval format"},{"$f":"\"[\"&(H42-I42)&\", \"&(H42+I42)&\"]\"","v":"[25, 45]"},null,"What is [25, 45]?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(3,77)","v":35},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(2,20)","v":10},0.77777858196875216]
[42,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of [\"&(H43-I43)&\", \"&(H43+I43)&\"] after being converted to the \"&CHAR(34)&\"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\"&CHAR(34)&\" format\"","v":"C.I. of [16, 50] after being converted to the \"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\" format"},{"$f":"H43&\" plus or minus \"&I43","v":"33 plus or minus 17"},null,"What is 33 plus or minus 17?",33,17,0.27598770677076823]
[43,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of \"&H44&\" plus or minus \"&I44&\", converted to interval format\"","v":"C.I. of 42 plus or minus 14, converted to interval format"},{"$f":"\"[\"&(H44-I44)&\", \"&(H44+I44)&\"]\"","v":"[28, 56]"},null,"What is [28, 56]?",42,14,0.3643695065404694]
[44,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of [\"&(H45-I45)&\", \"&(H45+I45)&\"] after being converted to the \"&CHAR(34)&\"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\"&CHAR(34)&\" format\"","v":"C.I. of [55, 91] after being converted to the \"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\" format"},{"$f":"H45&\" plus or minus \"&I45","v":"73 plus or minus 18"},null,"What is 73 plus or minus 18?",73,18,0.21321059732043479]
[45,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of \"&H46&\" plus or minus \"&I46&\", converted to interval format\"","v":"C.I. of 9 plus or minus 20, converted to interval format"},{"$f":"\"[\"&(H46-I46)&\", \"&(H46+I46)&\"]\"","v":"[-11, 29]"},null,"What is [-11, 29]?",9,20,0.85722912221649938]
[46,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of [\"&(H47-I47)&\", \"&(H47+I47)&\"] after being converted to the \"&CHAR(34)&\"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\"&CHAR(34)&\" format\"","v":"C.I. of [20, 46] after being converted to the \"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\" format"},{"$f":"H47&\" plus or minus \"&I47","v":"33 plus or minus 13"},null,"What is 33 plus or minus 13?",33,13,0.56109030230955437]
[47,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of \"&H48&\" plus or minus \"&I48&\", converted to interval format\"","v":"C.I. of 63 plus or minus 11, converted to interval format"},{"$f":"\"[\"&(H48-I48)&\", \"&(H48+I48)&\"]\"","v":"[52, 74]"},null,"What is [52, 74]?",63,11,0.73278306606463817]
[48,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME",{"$f":"\"C.I. of [\"&(H49-I49)&\", \"&(H49+I49)&\"] after being converted to the \"&CHAR(34)&\"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\"&CHAR(34)&\" format\"","v":"C.I. of [4, 24] after being converted to the \"point estimate plus or minus m.o.e.\" format"},{"$f":"H49&\" plus or minus \"&I49","v":"14 plus or minus 10"},null,"What is 14 plus or minus 10?",14,10,0.85599607606943495]
[49,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","The \"confidence\" in \"confidence interval\" refers to the long-term success probability achieved by this.","method used to compute the C.I.","the","What is the method used to compute the C.I.?",null,null,0.11934793633444873]
[50,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","Lower case s followed by a statistic-named subscript (such as xbar or phat)","standard error (s.e.)",null,"What is standard error (s.e.)?",null,null,0.66897553604818083]
[51,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","s.e.","standard error: the estimated s.d. of the sampling distribution",null,"What is standard error: the estimated s.d. of the sampling distribution?",null,null,0.98572121574932448]
[52,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","μ followed by a 0 subscript","hypothesized population mean (the value assumed by the null hypothesis)",null,"What is hypothesized population mean (the value assumed by the null hypothesis)?",null,null,0.57220622055081805]
[53,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","Population mean assumed by the null hypothesis","μ followed by a 0 subscript",null,"What is μ followed by a 0 subscript?",null,null,0.16621637038448278]
[54,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","Symbol that follows H sub 0 or H sub a when we are stating our hypotheses","colon (:)","a","What is a colon (:)?",null,null,2.7230034275563031E-2]
[55,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","z*","z critical value (the z score that produces a desired 1-tailed P-value)","the","What is the z critical value (the z score that produces a desired 1-tailed P-value)?",null,null,0.60167571968442479]
[56,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","t*","t critical value (the t score that produces a desired 1-tailed P-value)","the","What is the t critical value (the t score that produces a desired 1-tailed P-value)?",null,null,5.1912548155339855E-2]
[57,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","The z score that produces a desired 1-tailed P-value","z*",null,"What is z*?",null,null,0.48493177569464008]
[58,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","The t score that produces a desired 1-tailed P-value","t*",null,"What is t*?",null,null,0.38438722625706789]
[59,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What we always include when writing the \"Assumptions\" subheading","identification of the method used (1-sample t, 2-prop. z, etc.)",null,"What is identification of the method used (1-sample t, 2-prop. z, etc.)?",null,null,0.61044572955712173]
[60,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","The number of lines we write in the H step","2",null,"What is 2?",null,null,0.89613207394287708]
[61,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What we depict (with the null hypothesis assumed true) in the optional step","sampling distribution of the statistic of interest","the","What is the sampling distribution of the statistic of interest?",null,null,0.58431280680933984]
[62,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What \"T\" stands for","test statistic (t, z, or chi-square)","the","What is the test statistic (t, z, or chi-square)?",null,null,0.59668381722879915]
[63,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What the first \"P\" stands for","\"definition of parameters\"",null,"What is \"definition of parameters\"?",null,null,0.51963814012379572]
[64,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What the second \"P\" stands for","P-value","the","What is the P-value?",null,null,0.27818626717133665]
[65,"PHA(S)TPC",{"$f":"UPPER(B66)","v":"PHA(S)TPC"},"What the \"C\" stands for","\"conclusion in context\"",null,"What is \"conclusion in context\"?",null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.28191937571613102}]
[66,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What the \"A\" stands for","\"identifying the test, stating assumptions, and checking assumptions\"",null,"What is \"identifying the test, stating assumptions, and checking assumptions\"?",null,null,0.44486189993069292]
[67,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","The hypothesis we hope to prove, so that our research paper will be likely to be published","alternative hypothesis (H sub a)","the","What is the alternative hypothesis (H sub a)?",null,null,0.28621166872879777]
[68,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Unethical practice of accidentally \"losing\" a few data points or fudging some numbers so that statistical significance can be achieved","P-hacking",null,"What is P-hacking?",null,null,0.66028522679876167]
[69,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.15943535057587233]
[70,"PHA(S)TPC",{"$f":"UPPER(B71)","v":"PHA(S)TPC"},"Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F71&IF(LEN(F71)>0,\" \",\"\")&E71&\"?\"","v":"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?"},null,null,0.33729872889289092]
[71,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.22718911415790854]
[72,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.89463591397903619]
[73,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.40249708498237868]
[74,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.99285943007423538]
[75,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,6.8645006384545182E-2]
[76,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.33666731150036355]
[77,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.72093927746064734]
[78,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","\"Since P = ___ . . .\"",null,"What is \"Since P = ___ . . .\"?",null,null,0.72414535091239884]
[79,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.38483077369271135]
[80,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.96087738314386073]
[81,"PHA(S)TPC",{"$f":"UPPER(B82)","v":"PHA(S)TPC"},"Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.86168738077693618]
[82,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.2484758958438702]
[83,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.47749663552407051]
[84,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.95791069900200165]
[85,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.59392182359776902]
[86,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.35239216515768346]
[87,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.9237032212517543]
[88,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Words that should always begin the \"C\" step (for a confidence interval)","\"We are __% confident that . . .\"",null,"What is \"We are __% confident that . . .\"?",null,null,0.61672236118170753]
[89,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","What we always compare P against in the \"C\" step (for a statistical test)","alpha",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F90&IF(LEN(F90)>0,\" \",\"\")&E90&\"?\"","v":"What is alpha?"},null,null,0.20475045808775327]
[90,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","0.05","most common value for alpha (chosen arbitrarily by Ronald Fisher)","the","What is the most common value for alpha (chosen arbitrarily by Ronald Fisher)?",null,null,0.21310277112848652]
[91,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we do to convert a 1-tailed P-value to a 2-tailed P-value","\"multiply by 2\"",null,"What is \"multiply by 2\"?",null,null,0.87637568624284801]
[92,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we do to convert a 2-tailed P-value to a 1-tailed P-value","\"divide by 2\"",null,"What is \"divide by 2\"?",null,null,0.30290281386990581]
[93,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Numerator of the t or z test statistic","observed value of the statistic minus the hypothesized value","the","What is the observed value of the statistic minus the hypothesized value?",null,null,0.78384557971459801]
[94,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Denominator of the t or z test statistic","s.e. (sigma divided by the square root of n)",null,"What is s.e. (sigma divided by the square root of n)?",null,null,0.83662825621192938]
[95,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE","Area under the sampling distribution curve for values more extreme than the test statistic in one tail","1-tailed P-value","a","What is a 1-tailed P-value?",null,null,0.59058350629310752]
[96,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE","Description of the t distributions, as compared to the z (standard normal) distribution","\"heavy-tailed\"",null,"What is \"heavy-tailed\"?",null,null,0.19185212329588475]
[97,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Number of points we lose (out of 4) if our conclusion does not mention the context of the problem","1",null,"What is 1?",null,null,0.72943870314298531]
[98,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Number of points we lose (out of 4) if we fail to identify the test we are using","1",null,"What is 1?",null,null,0.65771502042379493]
[99,"PHA(S)TPC","PHA(S)TPC","Number of points we lose (out of 4) if we fail to check assumptions","1",null,"What is 1?",null,null,0.6850049218387424]
[100,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE","One clue is Ha: μ ≠ μ sub 0.","How do we quickly identify a 2-tailed t test?",null,{"$f":"E101","v":"How do we quickly identify a 2-tailed t test?"},null,null,0.60266822280239529]
[101,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE","One clue is Ha: μ < μ sub 0.","How do we quickly identify a 1-tailed t test?",null,{"$f":"E102","v":"How do we quickly identify a 1-tailed t test?"},null,null,0.16853994625022406]
[102,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE","One clue is Ha: μ > μ sub 0.","How do we quickly identify a 1-tailed t test?",null,{"$f":"E103","v":"How do we quickly identify a 1-tailed t test?"},null,null,0.96448052511949878]
[103,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we compare the difference of means against, in a matched-pairs test","0",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F104&IF(LEN(F104)>0,\" \",\"\")&E104&\"?\"","v":"What is 0?"},null,null,0.10098900078309891]
[104,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Procedure we use if the test subjects are sampled before and after some treatment, and we have the differences for each","1-sample t test","a","What is a 1-sample t test?",null,null,0.41418094014390328]
[105,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Procedure we use if the test subjects are matched pairs","1-sample t test","a","What is a 1-sample t test?",null,null,0.64300855854663463]
[106,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","data distribution : s.d. : : sampling distribution : _____________","s.e. (standard error)",null,"What is s.e. (standard error)?",null,null,0.48509778758958266]
[107,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we do if P < alpha","\"reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis\"",null,"What is \"reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis\"?",null,null,0.38370531451572953]
[108,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we do if P > alpha","\"fail to reject the null hypothesis\" (i.e., produce nothing to publish)",null,"What is \"fail to reject the null hypothesis\" (i.e., produce nothing to publish)?",null,null,0.47894780450601437]
[109,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we call a test where P > alpha","inconclusive, or a negative result",null,"What is inconclusive, or a negative result?",null,null,0.23339758663155385]
[110,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we can conclude if P < alpha","\"There is good evidence for the alternative hypothesis; we reject the null hypothesis\"",null,"What is \"There is good evidence for the alternative hypothesis; we reject the null hypothesis\"?",null,null,0.66675456790376453]
[111,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we can conclude if P > alpha","nothing",null,"What is nothing?",null,null,0.81394923786666495]
[112,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","\"The null hypothesis is probably false, since if it were true, we would expect to see results this extreme or more extreme only ___% of the time.\"","totally correct way of interpreting the P-value","a","What is a totally correct way of interpreting the P-value?",null,null,0.52044029356913524]
[113,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","\"The probability that the null hypothesis is true is only ___%.\"","totally incorrect way of interpreting the P-value","a","What is a totally incorrect way of interpreting the P-value?",null,null,0.76549174016600752]
[114,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","n – 1","df for a 1-sample t test","the","What is the df for a 1-sample t test?",null,null,0.83195066777074]
[115,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B116)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"df","degrees of freedom",null,"What is degrees of freedom?",null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.26055885115650557}]
[116,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","t distribution with df = ∞","z (standard normal) distribution","the","What is the z (standard normal) distribution?",null,null,0.99713421556039128]
[117,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Probability of passing the AP exam (or any 2nd-semester test) without practicing the inferential statistics steps","0 (or close to 0)",null,"What is 0 (or close to 0)?",null,null,8.4923466015909499E-2]
[118,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Set of all possible values a statistic could have, along with relative frequency information, given a fixed population and fixed sample size (n)","sampling distribution","a","What is a sampling distribution?",null,null,0.31676903327449946]
[119,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Model for the sampling distribution of xbar when sigma is unknown and the underlying population is normal","t distribution with df = n – 1","a","What is a t distribution with df = n – 1?",null,null,0.75582539403916793]
[120,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Model for the sampling distribution of xbar when sigma is unknown, n > 30, and the underlying population, while not normal, is free of extreme outliers/extreme skewness","t distribution with df = n – 1","a","What is a t distribution with df = n – 1?",null,null,0.47521823356891835]
[121,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Reason we literally never use the 1-sample z test or the 2-sample z test (though we do use 1-prop. z and 2-prop. z)","\"because sigma, required by the tests, is an unknown parameter\"",null,"What is \"because sigma, required by the tests, is an unknown parameter\"?",null,null,0.50560589965150549]
[122,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we use if the stem of the AP question indicates we are looking for evidence that the true mean is greater than some benchmark","1-tailed 1-sample t test","a","What is a 1-tailed 1-sample t test?",null,null,0.26277032375474019]
[123,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","All else being equal, a narrower confidence interval has this, compared to a wider confidence interval.","lower confidence level","a","What is a lower confidence level?",null,null,6.1287299676633378E-2]
[124,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE",{"$f":"\"t distribution with df = \"&H125&\", as compared to a t distribution with df = \"&I125","v":"t distribution with df = 12, as compared to a t distribution with df = 198"},"heavier-tailed",null,"What is heavier-tailed?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(3,44)","v":12},{"$f":"H125+RANDBETWEEN(1,215)","v":198},0.97570389014219894]
[125,"\"Tails\" you lose","\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE",{"$f":"\"t distribution with df = \"&I126&\", as compared to a t distribution with df = \"&H126","v":"t distribution with df = 87, as compared to a t distribution with df = 31"},"lighter-tailed",null,"What is lighter-tailed?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(3,44)","v":31},{"$f":"H126+RANDBETWEEN(1,215)","v":87},0.51969815978516776]
[126,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Rough and ready estimate for t* or z* when you simply can't be bothered with looking it up in the table or punching the buttons on your calculator","2",null,"What is 2?",null,null,0.18641904704167789]
[127,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Statistical significance","situation in which the observed difference is too large to be plausibly explained by chance alone if H sub 0 were true","a","What is a situation in which the observed difference is too large to be plausibly explained by chance alone if H sub 0 were true?",null,null,0.84146341995037433]
[128,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","One decision we can make in a statistical test is to fail to reject the null hypothesis (sometimes called an inconclusive test or a \"negative result\"); this is the other possible decision.","to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative",null,"What is to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative?",null,null,0.5508272853796925]
[129,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Definition of statistic","number computed from data, such as s, xbar, or phat","a","What is a number computed from data, such as s, xbar, or phat?",null,null,0.27272588898639138]
[130,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Definition of parameter","number that describes a population, such as sigma, mu, or the true slope (beta) of a linear relationship","a","What is a number that describes a population, such as sigma, mu, or the true slope (beta) of a linear relationship?",null,null,0.76097923175516269]
[131,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Unethical practice of looking through vast collections of data, hoping to find statistically significant correlations or other patterns, and then publishing those findings","data dredging (also acceptable: Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy)",null,"What is data dredging (also acceptable: Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy)?",null,null,0.40630878097717671]
[132,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Somewhat ethical practice of looking through vast collections of data, hoping to find statistically significant correlations or other patterns, and then using those as a springboard for research with fresh data","data mining",null,"What is data mining?",null,null,0.92552890507769447]
[133,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Data dredging","looking through data before formulating hypotheses",null,"What is looking through data before formulating hypotheses?",null,null,0.56697001677205017]
[134,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Word or phrase that completes this sentence: \"We should formulate our hypotheses ___________ we gather our data.\"","\"before\"",null,"What is \"before\"?",null,null,0.15547378546848112]
[135,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","Word or phrase that completes this sentence: \"We should gather our data ___________ we formulate our hypotheses.\"","\"after\"",null,"What is \"after\"?",null,null,0.8455650360108683]
[136,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","What we multiply the critical value by in order to get m.o.e.","s.e. (standard error)",null,"What is s.e. (standard error)?",null,null,0.78294309086596048]
[137,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","What we multiply the s.e. by in order to get m.o.e.","critical value (t* or z*)","the","What is the critical value (t* or z*)?",null,null,0.66626529208717344]
[138,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","Explanation for (t*)(s.e.) = m.o.e.","\"The t* tells us how many s.e. units to go out into the tail, and the s.e. value tells us the size of those units\"",null,"What is \"The t* tells us how many s.e. units to go out into the tail, and the s.e. value tells us the size of those units\"?",null,null,0.27499219013998821]
[139,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS",{"$f":"\"Odds in favor of an event whose probability is \"&H140&\"/\"&I140","v":"Odds in favor of an event whose probability is 4/6"},{"$f":"H140&\":\"&(I140-H140)","v":"4:2"},null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F140&IF(LEN(F140)>0,\" \",\"\")&E140&\"?\"","v":"What are 4:2?"},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(4,28)","v":4},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(H140,H140+35)","v":6},0.1412423593095079]
[140,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS",{"$f":"\"Odds against an event whose probability is \"&H141&\"/\"&I141","v":"Odds against an event whose probability is 11/40"},{"$f":"(I141-H141)&\":\"&H141","v":"29:11"},null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F141&IF(LEN(F141)>0,\" \",\"\")&E141&\"?\"","v":"What are 29:11?"},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(4,28)","v":11},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(H141,H141+35)","v":40},0.67989190626695084]
[141,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Definition of sampling distribution","set of all possible values a statistic could have, along with relative frequency information, given a fixed population and n","the",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F142&IF(LEN(F142)>0,\" \",\"\")&E142&\"?\"","v":"What is the set of all possible values a statistic could have, along with relative frequency information, given a fixed population and n?"},null,null,3.2324461233602775E-2]
[142,"MPQ stars","MPQ STARS","Of \"sample size,\" \"population size,\" or \"both,\" this determines the m.o.e. of an estimate in virtually all real-world situations.","sample size","the","What is the sample size?",null,null,0.55575587921822889]
[143,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Where we find our z* values on the College Board's t* table (t-critical values)","\"in the row for df = ∞\"",null,"What is \"in the row for df = ∞\"?",null,null,0.48684260543203917]
[144,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Purpose of the row for df = ∞ on the College Board's t* table","to find z* values",null,"What is to find z* values?",null,null,0.33457195709295728]
[145,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","m.o.e.","margin of error: half the width of the C.I.","the","What is the margin of error: half the width of the C.I.?",null,null,0.42344143718029525]
[146,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","C.I.","confidence interval: a set of likely values for the unknown parameter of interest","a","What is a confidence interval: a set of likely values for the unknown parameter of interest?",null,null,0.79480471013594112]
[147,"The confidence game",{"$f":"UPPER(B148)","v":"THE CONFIDENCE GAME"},"Definition of C.I.","set of likely values for the unknown parameter of interest","a","What is a set of likely values for the unknown parameter of interest?",null,null,0.32216112676040465]
[148,"The confidence game",{"$f":"UPPER(B149)","v":"THE CONFIDENCE GAME"},"Definition of m.o.e.","half the width of the C.I. (also acceptable: an upper bound estimate for the likely sampling error)",null,"What is half the width of the C.I. (also acceptable: an upper bound estimate for the likely sampling error)?",null,null,0.95419890734803492]
[149,"The confidence game",{"$f":"UPPER(B150)","v":"THE CONFIDENCE GAME"},"The only type of error that the m.o.e. accounts for","sampling error",null,"What is sampling error?",null,null,0.56172843413666074]
[150,"The confidence game",{"$f":"UPPER(B151)","v":"THE CONFIDENCE GAME"},"The m.o.e. accounts for this number of types of errors. (Possible types of error in any poll or statistical study include selection bias, response bias, bias in the wording of the question, human error, sampling error, house effect, conflicts of interest, placebo effect, and many others.)","1",null,"What is 1?",null,null,0.65361405182489496]
[151,"\"Tails\" you lose",{"$f":"UPPER(B152)","v":"\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE"},"It always determines the P-value in a chi-square test.","right tail, or more precisely, the right-tail area","the",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F152&IF(LEN(F152)>0,\" \",\"\")&E152&\"?\"","v":"What is the right tail, or more precisely, the right-tail area?"},null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.22645920656297003}]
[152,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","Null hypothesis for a chi-square g.o.f. test","\"all true proportions by category are as claimed\"",null,"What is \"all true proportions by category are as claimed\"?",null,null,0.81557614028454073]
[153,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B154)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Null hypothesis for a chi-square 2-way homogeneity-of-proportions test","\"all columns have the same proportional distribution by category\"",null,"What is \"all columns have the same proportional distribution by category\"?",null,null,0.77122547528470631]
[154,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B155)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Null hypothesis for a chi-square 2-way independence test","\"these categorical variables are independent (i.e., there is no association between the two variables)\"",null,"What is \"these categorical variables are independent (i.e., there is no association between the two variables)\"?",null,null,0.77928741363407494]
[155,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B156)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Alternative hypothesis for a chi-square g.o.f. test","\"Not all proportions are as claimed\"",null,"What is \"Not all proportions are as claimed\"?",null,null,0.60438303459969822]
[156,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B157)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Alternative hypothesis for a chi-square 2-way homogeneity-of-proportions test","\"the columns do not all have the same proportional distribution by category\"",null,"What is \"the columns do not all have the same proportional distribution by category\"?",null,null,0.74832489308049477]
[157,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","Alternative hypothesis for a chi-square 2-way independence test","\"some association between the categorical variables exists (i.e., the variables are not independent)\"",null,"What is \"some association between the categorical variables exists (i.e., the variables are not independent)\"?",null,null,1.8702197380582319E-2]
[158,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","Null hypothesis for a 1-sample t test","that mu = mu0",null,"What is that mu = mu0?",null,null,0.12746172216760443]
[159,"It's hypothetical","IT'S HYPOTHETICAL","Null hypothesis for a 1-sample t test (matched pairs)","that muD = 0 (i.e., that the mean of the pairwise differences = 0)",null,"What is that muD = 0 (i.e., that the mean of the pairwise differences = 0)?",null,null,0.39937285451121152]
[160,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B161)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Null hypothesis for a 2-sample t test","that mu1 - mu2 = 0",null,"What is that mu1 - mu2 = 0?",null,null,0.28589302089305979]
[161,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B162)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Symbol found in all 2-tailed alternative hypotheses","≠ (the \"not equals\" sign)",null,"What is ≠ (the \"not equals\" sign)?",null,null,0.40896129089532995]
[162,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B163)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Null hypothesis for a 1-proportion z test","that p = p0",null,"What is that p = p0?",null,null,0.50676969462903787]
[163,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B164)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Null hypothesis for a 2-proportion z test","that p1 - p2 = 0",null,"What is that p1 - p2 = 0?",null,null,0.91992726732985974]
[164,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B165)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Null hypothesis for a LSRL t test","that β (beta) and ρ (rho) are both 0",null,"What is that β (beta) and ρ (rho) are both 0?",null,null,0.26688200264830952]
[165,"\"Tails\" you lose",{"$f":"UPPER(B166)","v":"\"TAILS\" YOU LOSE"},"What the right-tail area of a chi-square 2-way test equals, if df = 1","both tail areas of the equivalent 2-proportion z test",null,"What is both tail areas of the equivalent 2-proportion z test?",null,null,0.86604190252966184]
[166,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Limit of the t distribution as df → ∞","z (standard normal) distribution","the","What is the z (standard normal) distribution?",null,null,0.16521161362558578]
[167,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Limit of the chi-square distribution as df → ∞","z (normal) distribution","a","What is a z (normal) distribution?",null,null,0.54837955800831217]
[168,"Assumption gumption","ASSUMPTION GUMPTION","SRS, normal pop. (2nd assumption relaxable if n > 30)","assumptions for 1-sample t","the",{"$f":"\"What are \"&F169&IF(LEN(F169)>0,\" \",\"\")&E169&\"?\"","v":"What are the assumptions for 1-sample t?"},null,null,0.46353257713730445]
[169,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B170)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"SRS, normal pop. of differences (2nd assumption relaxable if n > 30)","assumptions for 1-sample t (matched pairs)","the",{"$f":"\"What are \"&F170&IF(LEN(F170)>0,\" \",\"\")&E170&\"?\"","v":"What are the assumptions for 1-sample t (matched pairs)?"},null,null,0.43732223970379225]
[170,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B171)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"2 independent SRS's, normal pops. giving normally distributed differences (2nd assumption relaxable if n1 > 30 and n2 > 30)","assumptions for 2-sample t","the","What are the assumptions for 2-sample t?",null,null,0.61645148474643585]
[171,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B172)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"SRS, N >= 10n, np >= 10, nq >= 10","assumptions for 1-proportion z","the","What are the assumptions for 1-proportion z?",null,null,0.21945494398351295]
[172,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B173)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"2 independent SRS's, N1 >= 10n1, N2 >= 10n2, n1p1 >= 5, n1q1 >= 5, n2p2 >= 5, n2q2 >= 5","assumptions for 2-proportion z","the","What are the assumptions for 2-proportion z?",null,null,0.65723423730977626]
[173,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B174)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"SRS, all expected counts >= 5","assumptions for chi-square g.o.f.","the","What are the assumptions for chi-square g.o.f.?",null,null,0.87174052450761608]
[174,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B175)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"SRS, multiple SRS's (one per column), or census; all expected counts >= 5","assumptions for chi-square 2-way (homogeneity of proportions or independence)","the","What are the assumptions for chi-square 2-way (homogeneity of proportions or independence)?",null,null,0.53109111340310344]
[175,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B176)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True fit really is linear (with mean y lying on LSRL for each possible x value, s.d. of residuals not dependent on x), and residuals are normally distributed for each x.","assumptions for LSRL t-test","the","What are the assumptions for LSRL t-test?",null,null,0.78901408544793483]
[176,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","Answer to the \"Pooled\" question in 2-sample t procedures","\"No\"",null,"What is \"No\"?",null,null,0.21794913564020524]
[177,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B178)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"How p is computed in the formula s.e. = sqrt(pq(1/n1 + 1/n2)), for 2-proportion z test","(x1 + x2)/(n1 + n2), or total successes over total trials in both samples",null,"What is (x1 + x2)/(n1 + n2), or total successes over total trials in both samples?",null,null,0.8585457019763999]
[178,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B179)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"How q is computed in the formula s.e. = sqrt(pq(1/n1 + 1/n2)), for 2-proportion z test","1 - p, where p = total successes over total trials in both samples",null,"What is 1 - p, where p = total successes over total trials in both samples?",null,null,0.49990262546599373]
[179,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","Probability of Type I error","α (alpha)",null,"What is α (alpha)?",null,null,0.18540045934841187]
[180,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B181)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Probability of Type II error","β (beta)",null,"What is β (beta)?",null,null,0.11597585355790163]
[181,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B182)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Power (statistical power)","1 - β (beta)",null,"What is 1 - β (beta)?",null,null,0.78596330564858996]
[182,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B183)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Meaning of P(Type I error)","P(rejecting null hypothesis | null hypothesis is true)",null,"What is P(rejecting null hypothesis | null hypothesis is true)?",null,null,0.68652163142740319]
[183,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B184)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Meaning of P(Type II error)","P(failing to reject null hypothesis | null hypothesis is false in some specific way)",null,"What is P(failing to reject null hypothesis | null hypothesis is false in some specific way)?",null,null,0.79446114371648646]
[184,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B185)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"P(rejecting null hypothesis | null hypothesis is true)","α (alpha) or P(Type I error)",null,"What is α (alpha) or P(Type I error)?",null,null,0.87118959010219232]
[185,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B186)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"P(failing to reject null hypothesis | null hypothesis is false in some specific way)","β (beta) or P(Type II error)",null,"What is β (beta) or P(Type II error)?",null,null,0.69714256488752313]
[186,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B187)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"What β means if context clearly has nothing to do with Type II error","true LSRL slope","the","What is the true LSRL slope?",null,null,0.80947756824173123]
[187,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B188)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"What β means if context clearly has nothing to do with LSRL slope","P(Type II error)",null,"What is P(Type II error)?",null,null,0.72246570683350064]
[188,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B189)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"α (alpha) in the context of Type I and Type II errors","P(Type I error) = P(rejecting null hypothesis | null hypothesis is true)",null,"What is P(Type I error) = P(rejecting null hypothesis | null hypothesis is true)?",null,null,0.45254662441434335]
[189,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B190)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"β (beta) in the context of general hypothesis testing","P(Type II error) = P(failing to reject null hypothesis | null hypothesis is false in some specific way)",null,"What is P(Type II error) = P(failing to reject null hypothesis | null hypothesis is false in some specific way)?",null,null,0.7112525241267933]
[190,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B191)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"1 - β (beta)","power (statistical power)",null,"What is power (statistical power)?",null,null,0.25823904940740239]
[191,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B192)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"Likely explanation if an effect is present but the test fails to find a P-value low enough to reject the null hypothesis","low power",null,"What is low power?",null,null,0.32958009504649488]
[192,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B193)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"Ways (plural!) to increase power","increasing n and/or finding a way (such as blocking) to decrease s",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F193&IF(LEN(F193)>0,\" \",\"\")&E193&\"?\"","v":"What are increasing n and/or finding a way (such as blocking) to decrease s?"},null,null,0.84858747371732968]
[193,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B194)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Proving the null hypothesis","common student error","a","What is a common student error?",null,null,0.59057795107815059]
[194,"It's hypothetical",{"$f":"UPPER(B195)","v":"IT'S HYPOTHETICAL"},"Doing this requires evidence whose P-value is less than alpha.","rejecting the null hypothesis",null,"What is rejecting the null hypothesis?",null,null,9.9430862211516979E-2]
[195,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we use if the stem of the AP question indicates we are looking for evidence that the true proportion is less than some benchmark","1-tailed 1-proportion z test","a","What is a 1-tailed 1-proportion z test?",null,null,6.8404560901335842E-2]
[196,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","What we use if the stem of the AP question indicates we are looking for evidence that the true proportion differs from some benchmark","2-tailed 1-proportion z test","a","What is a 2-tailed 1-proportion z test?",null,null,0.89272524553746346]
[197,"Probability","PROBABILITY","Probability used on the AP exam","frequentist approach (defining probability as long-run relative frequency)","the","What is the frequentist approach (defining probability as long-run relative frequency)?",null,null,0.81989752090339663]
[198,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B199)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Probability based on a \"degree of belief, modified by experience\"","Bayesian probability (not an AP topic)",null,"What is Bayesian probability (not an AP topic)?",null,null,0.72535407697082288]
[199,"Assumption gumption","ASSUMPTION GUMPTION","In a t test, it's the more important of (1) the assumption concerning SRS or SRS's, versus (2) the assumption concerning normality.","assumption of SRS (or SRS's)","the","What is the assumption of SRS (or SRS's)?",null,null,3.1721504200752038E-2]
[200,"Assumption gumption","ASSUMPTION GUMPTION","Reason that the SRS assumption is more important than the normality assumption in a t test","fact that normality can be relaxed for large sample size(s)","the","What is the fact that normality can be relaxed for large sample size(s)?",null,null,0.40557026062718737]
[201,"Assumption gumption","ASSUMPTION GUMPTION","Another name for \"assumption\"","condition","a","What is a condition?",null,null,0.41229788212067164]
[202,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B203)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"Another name for \"condition\" (in the context of testing the conditions that must be satisfied in order for a test or C.I. procedure to be valid)","assumption","an","What is an assumption?",null,null,0.55437694735335319]
[203,"The confidence game","THE CONFIDENCE GAME","True or false: In a C.I. procedure, sampling error indicates bias.","\"false\"",null,"What is \"false\"?",null,null,0.54348899624448532]
[204,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a 1-sample t test","xbar (sample mean)",null,"What is xbar (sample mean)?",null,null,0.56704323830304293]
[205,"Statistic of interest",{"$f":"UPPER(B206)","v":"STATISTIC OF INTEREST"},". . . in a 2-sample t test","xbar1 - xbar2 (difference of sample means)",null,"What is xbar1 - xbar2 (difference of sample means)?",null,null,9.454434196659478E-3]
[206,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a matched-pairs t test","xbar1 - xbar2 (difference of sample means)",null,"What is xbar1 - xbar2 (difference of sample means)?",null,null,0.24461607980006905]
[207,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a 1-proportion z test","phat (sample proportion)",null,"What is phat (sample proportion)?",null,null,0.2059912469302192]
[208,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a 2-proportion z test","phat1 - phat2 (difference of sample proportions)",null,"What is phat1 - phat2 (difference of sample proportions)?",null,null,0.98562848043022322]
[209,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a chi-square g.o.f. test","chi-square statistic (sum of (observed - expected)^2/expected for all cells in 1 column)",null,"What is chi-square statistic (sum of (observed - expected)^2/expected for all cells in 1 column)?",null,null,0.20634589495875744]
[210,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a chi-square 2-way test","chi-square statistic (sum of (observed - expected)^2/expected for all cells in 2-way table)",null,"What is chi-square statistic (sum of (observed - expected)^2/expected for all cells in 2-way table)?",null,null,0.18545630627416965]
[211,"Statistic of interest","STATISTIC OF INTEREST",". . . in a LSRL t test","LSRL slope statistic (b)",null,"What is LSRL slope statistic (b)?",null,null,0.69096242913671113]
[212,"Moderately interesting history",{"$f":"UPPER(B213)","v":"MODERATELY INTERESTING HISTORY"},"Origin of the word \"statistic\"","word \"state\" or \"statist\" (one who supports the bureaucracy of a state by compiling data)","the","What is the word \"state\" or \"statist\" (one who supports the bureaucracy of a state by compiling data)?",null,null,0.71463267965862387]
[213,"Assumption gumption","ASSUMPTION GUMPTION","In a z test, it's the more important of (1) the assumption concerning SRS or SRS's, versus (2) all the others (3 others for 1-prop. z test, 6 others for 2-prop. z test)","assumption of SRS (or SRS's)","the",{"$f":"\"What is \"&F214&IF(LEN(F214)>0,\" \",\"\")&E214&\"?\"","v":"What is the assumption of SRS (or SRS's)?"},null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.93530038187387776}]
[214,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","The procedures we use when 1 or 2 means are involved","t procedures",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F215&IF(LEN(F215)>0,\" \",\"\")&E215&\"?\"","v":"What are t procedures?"},null,null,0.98565058715377085]
[215,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B216)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"The procedures we use when 1 or 2 proportions are involved","z procedures",null,"What are z procedures?",null,null,0.24291644799870393]
[216,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B217)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"The procedures we use when 3 or more proportions are involved","chi-square procedures",null,"What are chi-square procedures?",null,null,6.9848872547609964E-2]
[217,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B218)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"The procedures we use when 3 or more means are involved","ANOVA (or no answer, since this is beyond the scope of AP Statistics)",null,"What is ANOVA (or no answer, since this is beyond the scope of AP Statistics)?",null,null,0.11258919461407235]
[218,"Assumption gumption","ASSUMPTION GUMPTION","The reason we cannot truly verify the residual normality condition in a LSRL t test","obtaining a set of normal residuals for each x value is unrealistic (so we settle for a normality check for all the residuals)","that","What is that obtaining a set of normal residuals for each x value is unrealistic (so we settle for a normality check for all the residuals)?",null,null,0.31788887069726013]
[219,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","For independent random variables, the variance of a sum equals ____________________________________ .","sum of the variances","the","What is the sum of the variances?",null,null,0.16807537368717163]
[220,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B221)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"For independent random variables, the variance of a difference equals ____________________________________ .","sum of the variances","the","What is the sum of the variances?",null,null,0.41766343027234465]
[221,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B222)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"For all random variables, independent or not, the mean of a sum equals ____________________________________ .","sum of the means",null,"What is sum of the means?",null,null,0.38249602760747914]
[222,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B223)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"For all random variables, independent or not, the mean of a difference equals ____________________________________ .","difference of the means",null,"What is difference of the means?",null,null,0.88813907777635492]
[223,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B224)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"For random variables, the variance of a sum equals the sum of the variances, provided __________ is true.","independence (independent random variables)",null,"What is independence (independent random variables)?",null,null,0.7409041991517854]
[224,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B225)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"For random variables, the variance of a difference equals the sum of the variances, provided __________ is true.","independence (independent random variables)",null,"What is independence (independent random variables)?",null,null,0.84791047769179373]
[225,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B226)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"For random variables, the mean of a sum equals the sum of the means, provided __________ is true.","nothing special (i.e., the statement is true for all random variables)",null,"What is nothing special (i.e., the statement is true for all random variables)?",null,null,0.60168314767092501]
[226,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B227)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"For random variables, the mean of a difference equals the difference of the means, provided __________ is true.","nothing special (i.e., the statement is true for all random variables)",null,"What is nothing special (i.e., the statement is true for all random variables)?",null,null,0.34290782614819426]
[227,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B228)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The variance of (X + Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals var(X) + var(Y).","\"false\" (independence was not specified)",null,"What is \"false\" (independence was not specified)?",null,null,3.1631014738274343E-2]
[228,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B229)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The variance of (X - Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals var(X) + var(Y).","\"false\" (independence was not specified)",null,"What is \"false\" (independence was not specified)?",null,null,0.39236599007714867]
[229,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B230)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The variance of (X - Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals var(X) - var(Y).","\"false\" (independence was not specified, but even if it had been, variances add up)",null,"What is \"false\" (independence was not specified, but even if it had been, variances add up)?",null,null,0.13972840520306529]
[230,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B231)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The s.d. of (X + Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals the s.d. of X plus the s.d. of Y.","\"false\" (variances add up, provided we have independence, but s.d.'s do not)",null,"What is \"false\" (variances add up, provided we have independence, but s.d.'s do not)?",null,null,0.89663737782878716]
[231,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B232)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The s.d. of (X - Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals the s.d. of X plus the s.d. of Y.","\"false\" (variances add up, provided we have independence, but s.d.'s do not)",null,"What is \"false\" (variances add up, provided we have independence, but s.d.'s do not)?",null,null,0.1319167934311738]
[232,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B233)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The s.d. of (X - Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals the s.d. of X minus the s.d. of Y.","\"false\" (variances add up, provided we have independence, but s.d.'s do not)",null,"What is \"false\" (variances add up, provided we have independence, but s.d.'s do not)?",null,null,0.60976023781127342]
[233,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B234)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The expected value of (X + Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals E(X) + E(Y).","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.65142564537350078]
[234,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B235)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The expected value of (X - Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals E(X) + E(Y).","\"false\"",null,"What is \"false\"?",null,null,0.51493261942457269]
[235,"Assumption gumption",{"$f":"UPPER(B236)","v":"ASSUMPTION GUMPTION"},"True or false: The expected value of (X - Y), where X and Y are random variables, equals E(X) - E(Y).","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.53636483262837786]
[236,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B237)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: The s.d. of kX, where k is a constant and X is a random variable, equals k times the s.d. of X.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.84238020002243208]
[237,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B238)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: The variance of kX, where k is a constant and X is a random variable, equals k times var(X).","\"false\"",null,"What is \"false\"?",null,null,0.44438787267453095]
[238,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B239)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: The variance of kX, where k is a constant and X is a random variable, equals k squared times var(X).","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.49486265244098937]
[239,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","True or false: The mean of (cX + k), where X is a random variable and c and k are constants, equals cExp(X) + k.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.87684570743269885]
[240,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B241)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: The mean of (cX + k), where X is a random variable and c and k are constants, equals c(Exp(X) + k).","\"false\"",null,"What is \"false\"?",null,null,0.73583458639622135]
[241,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B242)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: If k is a constant, E(k) = k.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.35244005741673601]
[242,"Design of studies","DESIGN OF STUDIES","True or false: A matched-pairs design can be thought of as blocking carried out to the ultimate degree.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.33549177745240299]
[243,"Design of studies","DESIGN OF STUDIES","Good experiments should include control, randomization of assignment, and this.","replication (by which we mean having n large enough for good power)",null,"What is replication (by which we mean having n large enough for good power)?",null,null,9.560563284921475E-2]
[244,"Design of studies","DESIGN OF STUDIES","Although our textbook lists blocking as a fourth desirable feature of good experiments, blocking is actually an example of this.","control",null,"What is control?",null,null,0.15278220529797493]
[245,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B246)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Good experiments should include control, replication, and this.","randomization of assignment (no credit for \"randomization\" by itself)",null,"What is randomization of assignment (no credit for \"randomization\" by itself)?",null,null,0.19198777394091082]
[246,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B247)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Good experiments should include replication, randomization of assignment, and this.","control",null,"What is control?",null,null,0.7112029487006708]
[247,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B248)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Direct control","keeping conditions as identical as possible for both the experimental group and the control group",null,"What is keeping conditions as identical as possible for both the experimental group and the control group?",null,null,0.95336511836771465]
[248,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B249)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Definition of blocking","grouping similar experimental units together BEFORE randomizing their assignment to treatment groups",null,"What is grouping similar experimental units together BEFORE randomizing their assignment to treatment groups?",null,null,5.4632443313148427E-2]
[249,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B250)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Purpose of blocking","reducing variation among experimental units, so that the experimental effect (if any) will stand out from the noise better",null,"What is reducing variation among experimental units, so that the experimental effect (if any) will stand out from the noise better?",null,null,0.13423667353768409]
[250,"Probability","PROBABILITY","Definition of probability used on the AP exam","frequentist definition: long-run relative frequency","the","What is the frequentist definition: long-run relative frequency?",null,null,0.89590862226422951]
[251,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B252)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Long-run relative frequency","frequentist definition of probability (or definition used on the AP exam)","the","What is the frequentist definition of probability (or definition used on the AP exam)?",null,null,0.23710000878187776]
[252,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B253)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"P(V | W), if and only if V and W are independent events","P(V)",null,"What is P(V)?",null,null,0.93598335313621062]
[253,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B254)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"P(V ∩ W), if and only if V and W are independent events","P(V) times P(W)",null,"What is P(V) times P(W)?",null,null,1.7158567302780203E-2]
[254,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B255)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Formula for computing P(V ∩ W)","P(V) times P(W | V)",null,"What is P(V) times P(W | V)?",null,null,0.9187830665895147]
[255,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B256)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Probability of at least one success","1 minus P(no successes)",null,"What is 1 minus P(no successes)?",null,null,0.29665167607025589]
[256,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B257)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Number of \"at least one\" probability questions on each AP exam","at least one",null,"What is at least one?",null,null,0.53720448649714569]
[257,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B258)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"How Mr. Hansen's professor pronounced \"probability\"","with the accent on the second syllable",null,"What is with the accent on the second syllable?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,12)","v":12},null,0.90977106362413651]
[258,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B259)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Probability of getting a job if your major is data science","1",null,"What is 1?",null,null,0.63963961918214929]
[259,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B260)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"Expected value of X, if X is a geometric random variable","1/p",null,"What is 1/p?",null,null,0.74026079458449145]
[260,"Probability","PROBABILITY","Expected value of X, if X is a binomial random variable","np",null,"What is np?",null,null,0.29545734024120762]
[261,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every binomial random variable has, in addition to independent trials, constant P(success) = p, fixed sample size, and the fact that X counts the number of successes in n trials","only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F262&IF(LEN(F262)>0,\" \",\"\")&E262&\"?\"","v":"What are only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial?"},null,null,0.92668710968873014]
[262,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every binomial random variable has, in addition to constant P(success) = p, fixed sample size, the fact that X counts the number of successes in n trials, and having only 2 possible outcomes per trial","independent trials",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F263&IF(LEN(F263)>0,\" \",\"\")&E263&\"?\"","v":"What are independent trials?"},null,null,0.5164563447852305]
[263,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every binomial random variable has, in addition to a fixed sample size, the fact that X counts the number of successes in n trials, only 2 possible outcomes per trial, and independent trials","constant P(success) = p",null,"What is constant P(success) = p?",null,null,0.51574172574535104]
[264,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every binomial random variable has, in addition to a constant P(success) = p, having only 2 possible outcomes per trial, independent trials, and a fixed sample size","that the binomial random variable counts the number of successes in n trials",null,"What is that the binomial random variable counts the number of successes in n trials?",null,null,0.4869136178428759]
[265,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B266)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"What every binomial random variable has, in addition to a constant P(success) = p, having only 2 possible outcomes per trial, independent trials, and the fact that the random variable counts the number of successes","fixed sample size (n)","a","What is a fixed sample size (n)?",null,null,0.68596780027620485]
[266,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B267)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"What every geometric random variable has, in addition to independent trials, only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial, constant P(success) = p, and an undefined value for the number of trials","that the geometric random variable counts the number of trials needed to obtain the first success",null,"What is that the geometric random variable counts the number of trials needed to obtain the first success?",null,null,0.71595523435582231]
[267,"Probability",{"$f":"UPPER(B268)","v":"PROBABILITY"},"What every geometric random variable has, in addition to only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial, constant P(success) = p, an undefined value for the number of trials, and the fact that the random variable counts the number of trials needed to obtain the first success","independent trials",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F268&IF(LEN(F268)>0,\" \",\"\")&E268&\"?\"","v":"What are independent trials?"},null,null,0.14451245498729093]
[268,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every geometric random variable has, in addition to independent trials, constant P(success) = p, an undefined value for the number of trials, and the fact that the random variable counts the number of trials needed to obtain the first success","only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F269&IF(LEN(F269)>0,\" \",\"\")&E269&\"?\"","v":"What are only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial?"},null,null,0.2275744586169155]
[269,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every geometric random variable has, in addition to only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial, independent trials, an undefined value for the number of trials, and the fact that the random variable counts the number of trials needed to obtain the first success","constant P(success) = p",null,"What is constant P(success) = p?",null,null,0.15530403690542305]
[270,"Probability","PROBABILITY","What every geometric random variable has, in addition to only 2 possible outcomes (success and failure) per trial, independent trials, constant P(success) = p, and the fact that the random variable counts the number of trials needed to obtain the first success","undefined value for the number of trials","an","What is an undefined value for the number of trials?",null,null,0.92849425134233654]
[271,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B272)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Formula for a z score","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.68462672513661627]
[272,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B273)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"General intersection formula","MEMORIZE, or FORMULA SHEET + algebra",null,"What is MEMORIZE, or FORMULA SHEET + algebra?",null,null,0.92303770853946387]
[273,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","General union formula","MEMORIZE or FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is MEMORIZE or FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,0.10239181643952389]
[274,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","LSRL: yhat = a + bx","CALC (STAT CALC 8), FORMULA SHEET, or MEMORIZE",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 8), FORMULA SHEET, or MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.42802387565532918]
[275,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B276)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Standard error (1-sample t)","FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,0.90827494942407572]
[276,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Standard error (2-sample t)","FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,0.8736001363634458]
[277,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Standard error (1-prop. z)","FORMULA SHEET",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F278&IF(LEN(F278)>0,\" \",\"\")&E278&\"?\"","v":"What is FORMULA SHEET?"},null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.89870455976903185}]
[278,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Standard error (2-prop. z)","MEMORIZE the FORMULA SHEET sequence: C.I. on top, test below",null,"What is MEMORIZE the FORMULA SHEET sequence: C.I. on top, test below?",null,null,0.93965367609706607]
[279,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Standard error of b, the LSRL slope statistic","MEMORIZE (s sub b = b/t)",null,"What is MEMORIZE (s sub b = b/t)?",null,null,0.29619925968018879]
[280,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Mean (expected value) of a binomial random variable","MEMORIZE (np) or FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is MEMORIZE (np) or FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,0.23031652075158859]
[281,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Mean (expected value) of a geometric random variable","MEMORIZE (1/p) or FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is MEMORIZE (1/p) or FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,0.7089893658105465]
[282,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B283)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Standard deviation of a binomial random variable","FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,4.2411578540166417E-2]
[283,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Standard deviation of a geometric random variable","FORMULA SHEET",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET?",null,null,0.79554370389916063]
[284,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Variance of a binomial random variable","(FORMULA SHEET) squared",null,"What is (FORMULA SHEET) squared?",null,null,0.69354961187179698]
[285,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Variance of a geometric random variable","(FORMULA SHEET) squared",null,"What is (FORMULA SHEET) squared?",null,null,0.5658432532861053]
[286,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Assumptions for 1-sample t procedures","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.64138451176990852]
[287,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Assumptions for 1-sample t procedures (matched pairs)","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,8.2463864753507532E-2]
[288,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B289)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Assumptions for 2-sample t procedures","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,2.2598775192542164E-2]
[289,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Assumptions for 1-prop. z procedures","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.37791673344798782]
[290,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Assumptions for 2-prop. z procedures","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.75909175728630829]
[291,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Assumptions for chi-square g.o.f.","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.44225041370340468]
[292,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Assumptions for chi-square 2-way tests","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.52056888720411754]
[293,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B294)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Assumptions for LSRL t procedures","MEMORIZE",null,"What is MEMORIZE?",null,null,0.54158371808588579]
[294,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","df for 1-sample t procedures","MEMORIZE (n - 1)",null,"What is MEMORIZE (n - 1)?",null,null,5.8966072727353547E-2]
[295,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","df for 1-sample t procedures (matched pairs)","MEMORIZE (n - 1)",null,"What is MEMORIZE (n - 1)?",null,null,0.58749359175286098]
[296,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","df for 2-sample t procedures","CALC",null,"What is CALC?",null,null,4.5534194270387074E-2]
[297,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","df for chi-square g.o.f.","MEMORIZE (# of bins - 1) or CALC",null,"What is MEMORIZE (# of bins - 1) or CALC?",null,null,0.13988798206066988]
[298,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","df for chi-square 2-way tests","MEMORIZE ( (rows - 1)(columns - 1) ) or CALC",null,"What is MEMORIZE ( (rows - 1)(columns - 1) ) or CALC?",null,null,0.58850981268402258]
[299,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Expected counts for chi-square g.o.f.","MEMORIZE (common sense: hypothesized probability times grand total)",null,"What is MEMORIZE (common sense: hypothesized probability times grand total)?",null,null,0.64158347341399591]
[300,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B301)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Expected counts for chi-square 2-way tests","CALC or MEMORIZE (rowtotal * columntotal / grandtotal)",null,"What is CALC or MEMORIZE (rowtotal * columntotal / grandtotal)?",null,null,0.78938290826997926]
[301,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B302)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"df for LSRL t procedures","MEMORIZE (n - 2)",null,"What is MEMORIZE (n - 2)?",null,null,0.50874369022166699]
[302,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B303)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Standard deviation of a data set","CALC (STAT CALC 1)",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 1)?",null,null,0.41286878234511193]
[303,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B304)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Standard deviation of a random variable","CALC (STAT CALC 1 L1,L2 ENTER), or FORMULA SHEET if free-response",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 1 L1,L2 ENTER), or FORMULA SHEET if free-response?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,7)*6","v":42},null,0.76401971068792374]
[304,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","r (linear correlation coefficient)","CALC (STAT CALC 8)",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 8)?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,7)*6","v":12},null,0.42685964819688538]
[305,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","sample mean (xbar)","CALC (STAT CALC 1)",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 1)?",null,null,0.8008012463998978]
[306,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","b (LSRL slope)","CALC (STAT CALC 8), although FORMULA SHEET b = r sy/sx is occasionally necessary",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 8), although FORMULA SHEET b = r sy/sx is occasionally necessary?",null,null,0.42815702577610337]
[307,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Compute xbar, ybar, or b (LSRL slope) whenever 2 of those 3 are known.","FORMULA SHEET (ybar = a + b xbar) plus algebra, or memorize the concept",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET (ybar = a + b xbar) plus algebra, or memorize the concept?",null,null,0.17368856467157967]
[308,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Compute explanatory variable s.d., response variable s.d., or LSRL slope whenever 2 of those 3 are known.","FORMULA SHEET (b = r sy/sx) plus algebra",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET (b = r sy/sx) plus algebra?",null,null,0.35142777144541837]
[309,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B310)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"m.o.e.","MEMORIZE that m.o.e. = (critical value)(s.e.)",null,"What is MEMORIZE that m.o.e. = (critical value)(s.e.)?",null,null,0.64392503042205673]
[310,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B311)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Compute required sample size (n) in order to achieve a desired m.o.e.","MEMORIZE that m.o.e. = (critical value)(s.e.) and use algebra or CALC (MATH Solver)",null,"What is MEMORIZE that m.o.e. = (critical value)(s.e.) and use algebra or CALC (MATH Solver)?",null,null,0.30314596287889695]
[311,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B312)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Normal probability (z curve area)","CALC (plus sketch if free-response)",null,"What is CALC (plus sketch if free-response)?",null,null,0.48849844734516212]
[312,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Binomial probability (one outcome)","FORMULA SHEET P(X=k) = (n choose k)p^k q^(n-k)",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET P(X=k) = (n choose k)p^k q^(n-k)?",null,null,0.52618322276184293]
[313,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Binomial probability (multiple outcomes)","CALC with a sketch--don't write binomcdf",null,"What is CALC with a sketch--don't write binomcdf?",null,null,0.32261684204506802]
[314,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",{"$f":"UPPER(B315)","v":"CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE"},"Geometric probability (one outcome)","FORMULA SHEET P(X=k) = pq^(x-1)",null,"What is FORMULA SHEET P(X=k) = pq^(x-1)?",null,null,1.002103633051088E-3]
[315,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Geometric probability (multiple outcomes)","CALC with a sketch--don't write geometcdf",null,"What is CALC with a sketch--don't write geometcdf?",null,null,0.51399868691977091]
[316,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Confidence interval","CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)",null,"What is CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)?",null,null,0.46088447193556992]
[317,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","t standardized test statistic","CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)",null,"What is CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)?",null,null,0.8814207913947073]
[318,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","z standardized test statistic","CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)",null,"What is CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)?",null,null,0.97432178660439717]
[319,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Chi-square statistic","CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)",null,"What is CALC (plus FORMULA SHEET if free response)?",null,null,0.19644085385067622]
[320,"Calc, formula sheet, or memorize","CALC, FORMULA SHEET, OR MEMORIZE","Mean of a random variable","CALC (STAT CALC 1 L1,L2 ENTER), or FORMULA SHEET if free-response",null,"What is CALC (STAT CALC 1 L1,L2 ENTER), or FORMULA SHEET if free-response?",null,null,0.2646492511886247]
[321,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B322)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Synonym for mean (μ)","E(___) or expected value",null,"What is E(___) or expected value?",null,null,0.14993833651811106]
[322,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B323)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Synonym for E(___)","mean (μ)","the","What is the mean (μ)?",null,null,0.92427591234162043]
[323,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B324)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"Term for non-numeric data such as hair color, favorite movie, or country of residence","categorical",null,"What is categorical?",null,null,0.10432529043474903]
[324,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B325)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"Term for numeric data such as height, weight, or temperature","quantitative",null,"What is quantitative?",null,null,0.31244802598011812]
[325,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B326)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: We can compute statistics with categorical (non-numeric) data.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,2.023833815908882E-2]
[326,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B327)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"True or false: Sample size (n) is a statistic.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,6.414743380357868E-2]
[327,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","True or false: Range is a set of values.","\"false\"",null,"What is \"false\"?",null,null,0.15342852357818748]
[328,"Grab bag","GRAB BAG","True or false: Range is a statistic.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.38502893380113401]
[329,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","Synonym for var(___)","sigma squared (σ^2)",null,"What is sigma squared (σ^2)?",null,null,0.49899398622721824]
[330,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B331)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Synonym for sigma squared (σ^2)","variance or var(___)",null,"What is variance or var(___)?",null,null,0.93232645912833279]
[331,"All the world's a test","ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST","True or false: We should have a sample size of 25 or greater (some textbooks say 30) in order to compute a t confidence interval.","\"false\" (n can be as little as 2 if population is known to be normal)",null,"What is \"false\" (n can be as little as 2 if population is known to be normal)?",null,null,0.79631835568808129]
[332,"Moderately interesting history","MODERATELY INTERESTING HISTORY","\"Student\" of the Student's t distribution","William Sealy Gosset (also acceptable: the Guinness brewery guy)",null,{"$f":"\"Who was \"&F333&IF(LEN(F333)>0,\" \",\"\")&E333&\"?\"","v":"Who was William Sealy Gosset (also acceptable: the Guinness brewery guy)?"},null,null,5.2398739316769305E-2]
[333,"Moderately interesting history",{"$f":"UPPER(B334)","v":"MODERATELY INTERESTING HISTORY"},"The reason that most researchers use α = 0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance","tradition/arbitrary choice made by Ronald Fisher",null,"What is tradition/arbitrary choice made by Ronald Fisher?",null,null,0.29911838013166725]
[334,"Moderately interesting history","MODERATELY INTERESTING HISTORY","Link between beer and AP Statistics","William Sealy Gosset (also acceptable: \"Student\" or the Guinness brewery guy)",null,{"$f":"\"Who was \"&F335&IF(LEN(F335)>0,\" \",\"\")&E335&\"?\"","v":"Who was William Sealy Gosset (also acceptable: \"Student\" or the Guinness brewery guy)?"},null,null,0.9222870443846285]
[335,"Moderately interesting history","MODERATELY INTERESTING HISTORY","True or false: The Challenger space shuttle disaster of 1986 is partially attributable to a misuse of linear regression.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.48633144917141236]
[336,"Moderately interesting history",{"$f":"UPPER(B337)","v":"MODERATELY INTERESTING HISTORY"},"True or false: The financial collapse of 2008 is partially attributable to a misuse of Gaussian models and the Central Limit Theorem.","\"true\"",null,"What is \"true\"?",null,null,0.315818466830593]
[337,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B338)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"What CLT stands for","Central Limit Theorem","the","What is the Central Limit Theorem?","the",null,0.43847848854532989]
[338,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B339)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"Statement of the CLT","\"If σ is finite, the sampling distribution of xbar approaches N(μ, σ/√n) as n → ∞\"",null,"What is \"If σ is finite, the sampling distribution of xbar approaches N(μ, σ/√n) as n → ∞\"?",null,null,0.20830192472392395]
[339,"Grab bag",{"$f":"UPPER(B340)","v":"GRAB BAG"},"If σ is finite, the sampling distribution of xbar approaches N(μ, σ/√n) as n → ∞.","statement of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)","the","What is the statement of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?",null,null,0.51260972698723739]
[340,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION","N(0, 1)","standard normal (z) distribution","the","What is the standard normal (z) distribution?",null,null,0.77822598227888473]
[341,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B342)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Standard notation for the standard normal distribution (z distribution)","N(0, 1)",null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F342&IF(LEN(F342)>0,\" \",\"\")&E342&\"?\"","v":"What is N(0, 1)?"},null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.32962144930261705}]
[342,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B343)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"B(n, p)","binomial distribution with sample size n and fixed single-shot probability of success = p","the","What is the binomial distribution with sample size n and fixed single-shot probability of success = p?",null,null,0.49918974814053196]
[343,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B344)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Binomial distribution with sample size n and fixed single-shot probability of success = p","B(n, p)",null,"What is B(n, p)?",null,null,0.97885932513797724]
[344,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B345)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"G(p)","geometric distribution with fixed single-shot probability of success = p","the","What is the geometric distribution with fixed single-shot probability of success = p?",null,null,0.88594718101363545]
[345,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B346)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Geometric distribution with fixed single-shot probability of success = p","G(p)",null,"What is G(p)?",null,null,0.86487450706553992]
[346,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B347)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"r","linear correlation coefficient","the","What is the linear correlation coefficient?",null,null,0.54225700138778321]
[347,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B348)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"r^2","coefficient of determinatino","the","What is the coefficient of determinatino?",null,null,0.921273766019854]
[348,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B349)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},"Interpretation of r^2","(if expressed as %) the percentage of variation in y that can be attributed to variation in x (or \"attributed to the LSRL model\")",null,"What is (if expressed as %) the percentage of variation in y that can be attributed to variation in x (or \"attributed to the LSRL model\")?",null,null,0.84483289177014431]
[349,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B350)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Describe a given data set.","center, spread, and shape",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F350&IF(LEN(F350)>0,\" \",\"\")&E350&\"?\"","v":"What are center, spread, and shape?"},null,null,0.74619042627401244]
[350,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B351)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Compare two data sets.","center, spread, and shape--using comparison words such as \"greater,\" \"more skew left,\" etc.",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F351&IF(LEN(F351)>0,\" \",\"\")&E351&\"?\"","v":"What are center, spread, and shape--using comparison words such as \"greater,\" \"more skew left,\" etc.?"},null,null,0.97329652358956154]
[351,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B352)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Write a conclusion to a statistical test.","explicitly comparing P to α, stating a reject/no-reject decision, and writing the rest IN CONTEXT",null,"What are explicitly comparing P to α, stating a reject/no-reject decision, and writing the rest IN CONTEXT?",null,null,0.98519349363983366]
[352,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B353)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Describe the relationship between two quantitative variables (scatterplot).","strength, direction, and shape (linear/nonlinear)",null,"What are strength, direction, and shape (linear/nonlinear)?",null,null,0.81596818401021221]
[353,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B354)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"\"Calculator talk\": good or bad?","very bad",null,"What is very bad?",null,null,0.36548319944763197]
[354,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B355)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"A question that seems to be nothing but plug-and-chug","formula, plug-ins, answer (circled) with units",null,"What are formula, plug-ins, answer (circled) with units?",null,null,0.94408095660789659]
[355,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B356)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Accuracy of final answer","3 significant digits or 3 places after the decimal point, whichever is more work",null,"What is 3 significant digits or 3 places after the decimal point, whichever is more work?",null,null,7.7303512599033564E-2]
[356,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B357)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Abbreviations: good or bad?","good if they are standard statistical notation (xbar, pop., signif., etc.), bad if they are texty (b/c, imo, btw)",null,"What is good if they are standard statistical notation (xbar, pop., signif., etc.), bad if they are texty (b/c, imo, btw)?",null,null,0.13666744560394695]
[357,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B358)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Data set A: {1, 3, 5}\nData set B: {2, 4, 6}\n\nCompare the means and ranges.","\"Both sets have range 4, which is THE SAME for each; the mean of B is 4, which is 1 LARGER THAN the mean of A\"",null,"What is \"Both sets have range 4, which is THE SAME for each; the mean of B is 4, which is 1 LARGER THAN the mean of A\"?",null,null,0.11528052235697306]
[358,"Notation, notation, notation",{"$f":"UPPER(B359)","v":"NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION"},{"$f":"\"Normal distribution with mean \"&H359&\" and standard deviation \"&I359","v":"Normal distribution with mean -197 and standard deviation 11.6"},{"$f":"\"N(\"&H359&\", \"&I359&\")\"","v":"N(-197, 11.6)"},null,"What is N(-197, 11.6)?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(-720,720)","v":-197},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,450)/10","v":11.6},0.51134044897427711]
[359,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B360)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Experiment in which subjects are first grouped (for example, male and female) and then randomized to receive treatment or placebo (no treatment)","randomized block design","a","What is a randomized block design?",null,null,0.86588732106072863]
[360,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B361)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Experiment in which the entire pool of subjects is randomized to receive treatment or placebo (no treatment)","fully randomized design","a","What is a fully randomized design?",null,null,0.1198009909302673]
[361,"Design of studies","DESIGN OF STUDIES","Blocking : experiments : : ________________ : surveys","stratification",null,"What is stratification?",null,null,7.8291971917838432E-2]
[362,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B363)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"What SRS stands for","Simple Random Sample","a","What is a Simple Random Sample?",null,null,0.20609286099000812]
[363,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B364)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Definition of SRS","sampling procedure in which every possible subset of size n is equally likely","a","What is a sampling procedure in which every possible subset of size n is equally likely?",null,null,0.28661996537565071]
[364,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B365)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Helpful analogy for SRS (i.e., what an SRS is equivalent to)","drawing slips of paper from a hat",null,"What is drawing slips of paper from a hat?",null,null,0.16141269019104676]
[365,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B366)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Official name for sampling procedure that is equivalent to drawing slips of paper from a hat","SRS (Simple Random Sample)","an","What is an SRS (Simple Random Sample)?",null,null,0.4956088789514671]
[366,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B367)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Sampling procedure in which a sample is randomly chosen from each of a number of predefined groups (geographic groups, demographic groups, etc.)","stratified random sampling",null,"What is stratified random sampling?",null,null,0.19025049182750742]
[367,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B368)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Sampling procedure in which every fifth person (or every tenth, or every twentieth, or whatever) is chosen to be part of the sample","systematic random sampling",null,"What is systematic random sampling?",null,null,0.62632967992990962]
[368,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B369)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"Go-to example for chi-square g.o.f.","comparing actual color counts of M&M's against expected color counts (based on factory claims)",null,"What is comparing actual color counts of M&M's against expected color counts (based on factory claims)?",null,null,0.18112196801043745]
[369,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B370)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"Go-to example for chi-square 2-way (homogeneity of proportions)","seeing if randomly chosen girls from Visi, Stone Ridge, NCS, etc. have different distributions of hair color",null,"What is seeing if randomly chosen girls from Visi, Stone Ridge, NCS, etc. have different distributions of hair color?",null,null,3.3686015068694286E-2]
[370,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B371)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"Go-to example for chi-square 2-way (independence)","testing whether students at NCS exhibit any association between hair color and class year",null,"What is testing whether students at NCS exhibit any association between hair color and class year?",null,null,0.57788701235499518]
[371,"All the world's a test",{"$f":"UPPER(B372)","v":"ALL THE WORLD'S A TEST"},"Go-to example for 2-prop. z test","testing whether vaccinated subjects have a lower covid hospitalization rate than unvaccinated subjects",null,"What is testing whether vaccinated subjects have a lower covid hospitalization rate than unvaccinated subjects?",null,null,0.12039979983997218]
[372,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B373)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Definition of stratified random sampling","procedure in which a sample is randomly chosen from each of a number of predefined groups","a","What is a procedure in which a sample is randomly chosen from each of a number of predefined groups?",null,null,0.12147424869001922]
[373,"Design of studies",{"$f":"UPPER(B374)","v":"DESIGN OF STUDIES"},"Definition of systematic random sampling","sampling procedure in which every fifth person (or every tenth, or every twentieth, or whatever) is chosen","a","What is a sampling procedure in which every fifth person (or every tenth, or every twentieth, or whatever) is chosen?",null,null,0.7904913437222898]
[374,"What the College Board wants","WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS","Axis labels","variable name (units in parentheses) and at least 2 numerically-labeled tick marks",null,{"$f":"\"What are \"&F375&IF(LEN(F375)>0,\" \",\"\")&E375&\"?\"","v":"What are variable name (units in parentheses) and at least 2 numerically-labeled tick marks?"},null,null,0.797293158247111]
[375,"What the College Board wants",{"$f":"UPPER(B376)","v":"WHAT THE COLLEGE BOARD WANTS"},"Assumption check","statement of the required condition, followed by work or explanation to prove that the condition is reasonably met","a","What are a statement of the required condition, followed by work or explanation to prove that the condition is reasonably met?",null,null,0.75717317891060987]
[376,"Notation, notation, notation","NOTATION, NOTATION, NOTATION",{"$f":"\"N(\"&H377&\", \"&I377&\")\"","v":"N(-46, 18.7)"},{"$f":"\"normal distribution with mean \"&H377&\" and standard deviation \"&I377","v":"normal distribution with mean -46 and standard deviation 18.7"},"a","What is a normal distribution with mean -46 and standard deviation 18.7?",{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(-720,720)","v":-46},{"$f":"RANDBETWEEN(1,450)/10","v":18.7},0.18433210418991797]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.88970802265805105]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.50454179354288842]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.60942291929942505]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,4.9473355280235998E-2]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.65464867747635713]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.43725680435814784]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.98085008193635614]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.24827193792663194]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.41494966716861037]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.80276803253262241]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,5.2190590050292807E-3]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.15280730247621865]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.12033891864217905]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.13272690058550263]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.61666545490626345]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.38678177877795361]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.7418514240934635]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.65447665310176573]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.87914293784649444]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.82348894295652242]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.49418720496441082]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,1.7907766519337565E-2]
[null,null,{"$f":"UPPER(B400)","v":""},null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.36482618123308663]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.12940420464355518]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.81080296127731499]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.5433657794825909]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.660509140958775]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.90202200357301654]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,{"$f":"\"What is \"&F406&IF(LEN(F406)>0,\" \",\"\")&E406&\"?\"","v":"What is ?"},null,null,{"$f":"RAND()","v":0.24706122514556528}]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.9665449029010138]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.68188693071706075]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.2757858909727896]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.9921819900497536]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.36240257015837196]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.32904722148366639]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.79547301325022968]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.2547006673992539]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.58171520719439063]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.95677089255783343]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.95565703086491605]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.98526845014855358]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.66592489546712241]
[null,null,"",null,null,null,"What is ?",null,null,0.35438892861417148]

{"sheet":"Students","index":3,"n_rows":13,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":13,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[1,"Aardvark, Andy"]
[2,"Buzzard, Bill"]
[3,"Crocodile, Chris"]
[4,"Dingo, Doug"]
[5,"Elephant, Earl"]
[6,"Flamingo, Florence"]
[7,"Gorilla, Geraldine"]
[8,"Hart, Hermione"]
[9,"Iodine, Inge"]
[10,"Jackrabbit, John"]
[11,"Kangaroo, Kate"]
[12,"Llama, Laura"]
[13,"Mongoose, Moira"]

{"sheet":"Category Summary","index":4,"n_rows":20,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":20,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[]
["Row Labels","Count of Category"]
["Calc, formula sheet, or memorize",50]
["Notation, notation, notation",41]
["All the world's a test",39]
["PHA(S)TPC",32]
["MPQ stars",29]
["Assumption gumption",27]
["Probability",23]
["The confidence game",22]
["It's hypothetical",21]
["Design of studies",19]
["\"Tails\" you lose",11]
["What the College Board wants",11]
["Statistic of interest",8]
["Moderately interesting history",6]
["Grab bag",37]
["(blank)"]
["Grand Total",376]