Version 2 Answer Key

1.	B
2.	E
3.	D
4.	E
5.	E
6.	11.9% (19 out of 160) 10.2% (17 out of 166) whites
7.	11 out of 63 black convicts (17.5%) were condemned to death 19 out of 151 white convicts (12.6%) were condemned to death, a smaller percentage
8.	6 out of 103 black convicts (5.8%) were condemned to death 0 out of 9 white convicts (0%) were condemned to death, a smaller percentage
9.	Simpson’s Paradox
10.	red hair, blond hair, black hair
11.	A common problem with surveys is bias in the wording of the question. By letting readers judge for themselves the degree to which wording may have biased the results, the news organization is being open and transparent. Moreover, people need to know the wording of the question so that it is clear when the results of several polls can or cannot be combined to illustrate a trend.
12.	Push polling, which is usually deceptive in nature, is designed for the purpose of transmitting facts or opinions (i.e., as a public relations or propaganda exercise) instead of gathering data. A clue is that push polls are often hundreds of times larger than they would need to be if they were legitimate polls.
13.	not plausibly explained by chance alone
14.	In a controlled experiment, where the hypothesis was advanced beforehand, the results are statistically significant and support the claim.